In upper Canada it was due to the control … [57] The rebels raided a mail coach, stole the passenger's money and looked for information about the progress of the rebellion in London, Ontario. was already moving towards gradual change through its appointment of more reform-minded governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) In, Buckner, Phillip A. , "Rebellion in Upper Canada". Many people in Upper Canada agreed with the Lower Canadian rebels about the need for change in the government. Consequences of Rebellion in Upper Canada: The Durham Report suggested that Upper Canada and Lower Canada be united into one colony. Buckner, P., Rebellion in Upper Canada (2019). Alternative Title: Rebellions of 1837–38. In Lower Canada many French habitants were suffering from famine and the accumulation of huge debts due to poor harvests. Cross and R.L. Asked by Wiki User. The rebels set up a roadblock south of the tavern on Yonge Street that Moodie tried riding through. by Marianne Brandis. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. [51], A few hours later Rolph sent a messenger to Mackenzie that Toronto rebels were ready for their arrival to the city and Mackenzie marched his troops towards Toronto. Mackenzie ignored the letter and continued his plan for rebellion. [28] Mackenzie gathered reformers at John Doel's brewery and proposed kidnapping Bond Head, bringing him to city hall and forcing him to let the Legislature choose the members of the Executive Council. Farmers organised target practice sessions and forges in the Home District and Sim… Largely from the countryside north of Toronto, they represented a cross section of the farming community from which Mackenzie had always drawn most of his support. what were their reasons? [64], News of the intended rebellion had reached London and the surrounding townships by December 7. The Rebellion was, rather, the unintended consequence of a sophisticated political movement that copied the organizational forms of the British Reform movement. [47] The rebel leaders met that night to discuss who would become the rebellion's leader after the death of Anderson and Lount's refusal to lead on his own. and moderate reformers such as Robert Baldwin, were defeated. [39] Government officials met at the Lieutenant Governor's residence on December 2 to discuss how to stop rumours of a rebellion. Mackenzie also attacked other travellers and robbed them or questioned them about the revolt. Colonel Allan MacNab, who had just finished leading Upper Canadian militiamen during the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern, was sent to engage Duncombe's uprising. In total, three men — two rebels and one loyalist — lost their lives. Lord Gosford (1835–38). [27], On October 9 1837, a messenger from the Patriotes informed Mackenzie that the rebellion in Lower Canada was going to begin. incursions in the southwest. This was worsened in Upper Canada by bad wheat harvests in 1836 and farmers were unable to pay their debts. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited than Lower Canada rebellion, although its leaders,William Lyon Mackenzie, was no less serious in their demands for reform, and an end to the rule of a oligarchy. The Compact dominated the running of the government. It undermined the influence of the extremists in Upper Canada. The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions. the Durham Report. On 5 December, a motley assortment of 500 to 700 rebels bearing only hunting rifles, staves and pitchforks, marched south on Yonge Street. [34] Mackenzie printed broadsheets listing grievances and a call to arms to communities surrounding Toronto. The rebellion led directly to Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America, and to The British North America Act, 1840, which partially reformed the British provinces into a unitary system, leading to the formation of Canada as a nation in 1867. [23] Mackenzie's first plan for rebellion involved calling on Sheldon & Dutcher's men to storm the city hall, where the militia's guns were stored. [9], The government of Upper Canada feared a growing interest in American-inspired republicanism in the province because of the increase in immigration of American settlers to the province. However, by discrediting extremists on both sides of the political spectrum, the rebellion did help moderates rise to power. The Upper Canada Rebellion was against the government of British colony of Upper Canada in December 1837. This kept the border in a state of turmoil for nearly a year. The revolt in Lower Canada was the more serious and violent of the two. The rebels fled north and the morale of the rebellion was irreparably broken. In fact, they brought Britain and the US to the verge of war. The Upper Canadian rebels were in favor for the American Revolution and felt a similar revolution was needed in Upper Canada. 9 years ago. [19] He appealed to the people's desire to maintain part of the British Empire and a paternalistic attitude of the Crown providing goods for the people. Fitzgibbon's call to arm a militia was also denied and he refused an armed guard at the Government's House and City Hall. [14] After meeting with Reformers, Bond Head concluded that they were disloyal to the British Empire and allied himself with the Family Compact. The ensuing conflicts along the border led to many more executions, deaths and deportations than the original [49] Meanwhile, Bond Head proposed a negotiating session with rebel leaders to Marshall Spring Bidwell, who declined. more moderate lines. His report eventually led to greater autonomy in the Canadian colonies and the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada in 1840. Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). During 1838, the rebels continued to send expeditions across the border. As part of this satire, he published a draft republican constitution for the State of Upper Canada that closely resembled the objectives in the constitution of the Canadian Alliance Society in 1834. The Upper Canada Rebellion is sometimes dismissed as a "farmers' revolt," an opportunistic action by misled backwoodsmen. Prescott in November and at Windsor in early December. 1 Answer. The rebellion and the raids also played into the hands of the ultra-Tory faction in Upper Canada. [43], A loyalist named Robert Moodie saw the large gathering at Montgomery's Tavern and rode towards Toronto to warn the officials. They suffered a series of crop failures and were subject to harsh debt-collection laws. [53] The rebels believed there were several battalions of troops firing upon them and several ran away. This is why some historians argue that the Battle of Ridgeway “made” Canada. If the farmer refused to come to court in Toronto, they would automatically forfeit the case and their property subjected to a sheriff's sale. In spite this perversion of history, growing poverty and injustices did induce a movement of resistance which began to take the form of republican “patriot movements” under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada and Louis-Joseph Papineau in Lower Canada- both of whom would come to a head in the Rebellions of 1837-38 (aka: the second missed chance). The more recent trend is to dismiss the rebellions as unnecessary. His temperament and conviction led him to the point where he not only advocated armed rebellion against the colonial government but led it. Thus, responsible government became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. After the War of 1812 the colonial government prevented Americans from swearing allegiance, thereby making them ineligible to obtain land grants. Their objective was to engage a smaller force of armed government loyalists and militia. Britain government. Lv 7. Rebellion: A Novel of Upper Canada. the colony and used political office and influence to further their own business interests. They wanted democratic reform and an end to the rule of a privileged oligarchy. [4], The Family Compact dominated the government of Upper Canada and the financial and religious institutions associated with it. The Compact dominated the running of the government. The Executive Council resigned, provoking widespread discontent and an election in 1834. the wealthy elite who controlled Lower Canada, mostly made up of English-speaking merchants. That afternoon a sentinel reported the government force's arrival from Gallows Hill. Wealthy ruling group who controlled Upper Canada. They controlled the system of patronage throughout In Upper Canada alot of them were actually annexationists wanting to become part of the US (you have to remember at this point in history most Upper Canadians were either first or second generation Americans who came there after Lord Simcoe … In Upper …show more content… At the end of the rebellion, in search for the causes the British parliament send Lord Durham who plays a significant role in shaping Canada… [71] Van Egmond died of an illness he acquired while imprisoned[72] while Lount and Peter Matthews were sentenced to the gallows for leading the rebellion. The front rank of the rebel force returned fire and then dropped to the ground, to assume a safer firing position. The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. It had been supplying Mackenzie’s forces and was set adrift over the falls. [65] Upon hearing more details about the rebellion in Toronto, Duncombe convened a series of public meetings to spread news of the supposed atrocities committed by Bond Head against all suspected reformers to help increase anti-government support. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. His report in 1839 differentiated between the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. 0 0 1. [35] Mackenzie also printed handbills declaring independence which were distributed to citizens north of Toronto. Historians of past generations insisted that without the rebellions, change would have come more slowly, if at all. [73] Other rebels were also sentenced to hang and ninety-two men were sent to Van Diemen's Land. at the front had been killed. the rebellion of 1837-38, why did it happen? Mackenzie disagreed and wanted to attack the government troops. [5] Their administrative roles were intimately tied to their business activities. The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837. Relations between the appointed Legislative Council and the elected Legislative Assembly became increasingly strained in the years after the war, over issues of immigration, taxation, banking and land speculation. Mackenzie gathered reformers on July 28 and 31, 1837 to discuss their grievances with the government. Many were non-conformist in their religious views and somewhat republican in their political leanings.) Reformist leaders such as Marshall Spring Bidwell, who had been Speaker of the Assembly, The Rebellions of 1837 92 resolutions -it was a list that consisted of all the grievances in Lower Canada -The Patriotes took it directly to London for approval William Lyon Mackenzie What Caused the rebellion in Upper Canada? Answer Save. They were easily dispersed by government volunteers under the command of Sir Allan Napier MacNab. The rebels’ loss of the Anne ended their After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. There are immediate causes and long term factors that influenced the uprising of these rebellions. [38], A Tory supporter obtained a copy of Mackenzie's declaration and showed it to authorities in Toronto. The rebellions of 1837–38. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. It was written: 1. [16] The Reform-dominated Assembly responded by refusing to pass the money bill, which halted the payment of salaries and pensions to many government workers. Although Lount wanted to launch an attack that night, other rebels leaders rejected that plan so that the troops could rest after their march and they could get information from Rolph about the status of rebels who lived in Toronto. [25], Mackenzie gathered reformers on July 28 and 31, 1837 to discuss their grievances with the government. It was initially thought that the Toronto rebellion was successful, contributing to Charles Duncombe wanting to rise up as well. Upper Canada | Lower Canada | Northwest Rebellion. Bond Head was recalled in late 1837 and replaced with Sir George Arthur who arrived in Toronto in March 1838. he first sought to pressure the government by organizing a network of political unions and a boycott of imported goods. Representative Government. The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. [13], Sir Francis Bond Head was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor and the Reform movement believed he would support their ideas. [62] Bond Head ordered the tavern to be burned down and the rebels arrested. In Lower Canada it was mostly a call for independence in order to preserve the French way of life and to pursue Canadien financial interests. [55] Morrison was arrested and charged with treason while Rolph sent a letter encouraging Mackenzie to send the rebels home then fled to the United States. In 1837, however, Mackenzie was emboldened by the insurgency in Lower Canada and the transfer of all British troops there from Upper Canada. "Rebellion in Upper Canada". Give the province of Canada responsible Government. The Lower Canadian Rebellion of 1837 stems from … Some historians sympathize with the rebels and believe they represented the voice of the majority, or at least of the colonial working classes. Five hundred men gathered under the leadership of Charles Duncombe. Upper Canada, later known as Canada West then Ontario in 1867, was originally organized in Districts. The causes of the rebellion in Upper Canada are unique and quite different from Lower Canada. Without it, however, the Upper Canadian revolt probably would not Toronto, the United States. [21], On July 10, 1832, US President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for the refinancing of the Second Bank of the United States, causing a depression in the Anglo-American world. Likewise everything coming into Upper Canada from Britain — including a great many immigrants — did so by sailing up the St. Lawrence first. Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. On January 13, 1838, under attack by British armaments, the rebels fled. Top Answer. This caused a recession in Upper Canada. At this point only 200 men at Montgomery's Tavern were armed. [50] Instead, Mackenzie spent the day burning down the house of Bank of Upper Canada official and questioning the loyalty of his troops. The large number of migrants led American legislators to speculate that bringing Upper Canada into the American fold would be a "mere matter of marching". It was felt hardest by the colony's farmers. The Fenian Raids happened while Canada was slowly moving towards Confederation. There is continuing debate about who was responsible for the rebellion and the degree of popular support it enjoyed. Parliament also sent Lord Durham to become Governor-in-Chief of the British North American colonies,[70] so that Arthur reported to Durham. The Rebellion's of Upper and Lower Canada. The rebels continued their raids into Canada using the U.S. as a base of operations and, in cooperation with the U.S. Hunters' Lodges, dedicated themselves to the overthrow of British rule in Canada. What economic, political, and social factors contributed to the rebellions of 1873 in Upper and Lower Canada? The loyalist forces included 120 Black soldiers under the command of Colonel Samuel Jarvis. Few historians see any necessary political connection with the rebellion in Lower Canada. [45], On December 4, Mackenzie and other rebels were patrolling the area and encountered Alderman John Powell (Canadian politician) and Archibald Macdonald (Canadian politician). Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. [37] The mayor of Toronto refused to ring the City Hall bell if a rebellion began because he felt Fitzgibbon was causing unnecessary concern over a possible revolt. The lower Canadian rebels would have their crops and fields burned. [44] When Rolph and Baldwin returned to Bond Head, they were informed that the government's offer had been withdrawn. In Upper Canada the 1836 elections had been marred by political violence and fraud organized by the new Lt. [18], Unlike previous Lt. Governors, Bond Head actively supported Tory candidates and utilized Orange Order violence in order to ensure their election. The united Province of Canada came into being in 1841. [77], William Kilbourn stated that the removal of Radicals from Upper Canada politics, either through execution or their retreat to the United States, allowed the Clear Grits to be formed as a more moderate political force that had fewer disagreements with the Tories than the reformers. [33] After the Battle of Saint-Denis Fitzgibbon prepared a list of men that he could contact personally if a rebellion began in Toronto. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt. [61] The armed forces were split into two companies and went to fields on both sides of Yonge Street. It also carried significant amounts of cash and munitions. Favorite Answer. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique [by whom?] Although initially believing the government's position was untenable he was inspired by a company of men that formed to defend the government. He also urged them to seize control of the government. The Upper Canada Rebellion also ended quite unsuccessful. I need this info for a school history project, i need to know the post-rebellion outcomes. Still smarting from his mother’s recent death and his father’s and stepmother’s apparent eagerness to be rid of him, Adam must now contend with Uncle Ted’s wild dreams of easy wealth in Upper Canada. passed in 1840. During the 1830s, a third of the bank's board were Legislative or Executive Councillors, and the remainder all magistrates. The lower Canadian rebels would have their crops and fields burned. Nothing brings Canadians together like the threat of annexation by the United States. (See: The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions.) [8] Despite repeated attempts, the elected Legislature – which had chartered the bank – could not obtain details on the bank's workings. John Charles Dent, writing in 1885, said the rebellion was a reaction from the public of the government mismanagement of the minority ruling elite. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002), This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 01:59. While it shrank, it became more violent, mainly through the support of the Hunters' Lodges, a secret United States-based militia that emerged around the Great Lakes, and launched the Patriot War in 1838–39. [54], On Tuesday night MacNab arrived in Toronto with sixty men from the Hamilton area. The rebellions in both Upper and Lower Canada led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and In the 1860s, some of the former rebels were compensated by the Canadian government for their lost property in the rebellion aftermath. However, many reformers, including Bidwell, fled to the US. of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. [29] Reformers such as Thomas David Morrison opposed this plan and the meeting ended without consensus on what to do next. This contributed to economic hardship and increased unemployment throughout the province. [7] Lacking the minimum capital needed to found the bank, the corporate leaders persuaded the government to subscribe for a quarter of its shares. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood,F. and To begin with, the rebellion in Upper Canada failed miserably because of the lack of military experience from the rebels, and, as a result, it wasnà  t very threathening. to withdraw on 14 January, after Canadian volunteers burned the rebel ship, Caroline. On 8 December, a force of about 1,000 volunteers loyal to the government dispersed the remaining rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern. Political unrest developed in both Upper and Lower Canada soon after the War of 1812. He left Hamilton, Ontario on December 12 and arrived in Brantford on December 13. Relevance. In recounting the “myths of responsible government”, Romney emphasized that after the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada any demand for democracy or for responsible government became a challenge to colonial sovereignty. The rebels refused to march until daylight. (Late Loyalists were American-born settlers who had migrated to Upper Canada prior to the War of 1812. leaders, such as Robert Baldwin, to reshape the reform movement along If Bond refused, they would declare independence from the British Empire. They controlled the system of patronagethroughout the colony and used political office and influence to further their own business interests. Oligarchy. Protestant groups. Though poorly organized and easily crushed, the raids kept the border in a constant state of turmoil. for service during the rebellions. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. [12] The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, and led by the more moderate reformer, Dr William W. Baldwin. In the end, Black colonists and other loyalists got their wish: the Upper Canada Rebellion collapsed completely and the possibility of annexation vanished. The union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society in 1835 and adopted much of the platform of the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the Chartist movement in England. [75] Dent wrote that the rebellion caused England to notice the concerns of Canadian reformers and reconsider their colonial rule of the province. The impact of the Upper Canadian insurgency is equally debatable. They formed several fighting units — known as “Coloured Corps” — in Chatham, [40] Fitzgibbon warned the men of rebels forging pikes north of the city and he was appointed adjutant general of the militia. A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite. Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th and early 19th century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War in 1776, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish America (1810–1825). Over 800 people were arrested after the rebellion for being Reform sympathisers. [31] Rolph convinced Morrison to support the rebellion but they also told Mackenzie to get confirmation of support from rural communities. [33], In November 1837, in the lead-up to the Political Union's Constitutional Convention, Mackenzie published a satire in the Constitution, a round table discussion by John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and William Pitt and others. Durham was assigned to report on the grievances among the British North American colonists and find a way to appease them. After the first rebellion in 1837, normal civil rights were suspended by the application of martial law and Lord Durham was named Governor of all British North America. It had ferried rebel troops between Detroit and Windsor. [57] His advice was rejected, so he proposed entrenching and defending their position at the tavern. On their way, the rebels ran into a picket of about 20 loyalists who opened fire. This is particularly true for the rebellion in Upper Canada. [74] Frederick Armstrong believed the rebellion was a reaction to patronage afforded to members of the Family Compact after winning the 1836 election. Sir Francis Bond Head, the new lieutenant-governor, was sent to Upper Canada to appease the reformers in the Assembly. Mackenzie saw the bank as a prop of the Government and demanded farmers withdraw the money they had deposited in the bank and public confidence in the bank decreased. County boundaries existed -- however administration, courts and other civil functions were managed at the District level much like counties are now. Most of the militia volunteers disbanded in 1838 and went back to their regular lives. As a result, the rebels would either have a death penalty or be transported to Bermuda/ Australia for 7 years. Its members won control of the elected Legislative Assembly in 1828 and again in 1834. -instead of accepting the 92 resolutions, the British (Hundreds of Black Canadians volunteered [58], The government organised a council of war and agreed to attack the rebels on December 7. While these rebellions differed in that they also struggled for republicanism, they were inspired by similar social problems stemming from poorly regulated oligarchies, and sought the same democratic ideals, which were also shared by the United Kingdom's Chartists.[1][2][3]. The new Tory-dominated Legislature passed laws that exacerbated tensions including continuing the Legislative session after the death of the King, prohibiting members of the Legislature from serving as Executive Councillors, making it easier to sue indebted farmers, protecting the Bank of Upper Canada from bankruptcy, and giving Legislative Councillors charters for their own banks. The rebels from Toronto travelled to the United States in groups of two. They focused on the campaign for responsible government and were thus prepared to unite the two Canadas. Lount and the riflemen marched to find the rebels who fled and found Mackenzie trying to convince the rebels to continue their path towards Toronto. The rebels without arms were sent to the tavern with their prisoners. The Upper Canadian Rebellion was an unsuccessful uprising in Upper Canada against the Family Compact. Bond Head then refused to pass any legislation from that government session including major public works projects. [74], Paul Romney explains this failure of historical imagination as the outcome of an explicit strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. There are many different factors that contributed to the 1873 rebellions of upper and lower Canada. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited affair than the uprising earlier that year in Lower Canada. Debt collection laws allowed them to be jailed indefinitely until they paid their loans to merchants. [30], The next day Mackenzie convinced John Rolph that a rebellion could be successful and happen without anyone being killed. Mackenzie went to the United States mainland where he was arrested for violating the Neutrality Act.[69]. The news of chaos in Lower Canada reached the people of Upper Canada in October of 1837. These grievances breathed life into the nascent The impact did not happen immediately as intended though. In their fear and confusion, they turned and ran. Governor, ... which had been concentrated in Lower Canada to deal with the crisis. However, the government did maintain a Colored Corps unit at Niagara until 1850. [10], The Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832–33 by Dr Thomas David Morrison and collected 19,930 signatures on a petition protesting William Lyon Mackenzie's expulsion from the House of Assembly. Political Corruption was the main cause of both Rebellions, in lower Canada it was due to the Colonial administration favouring English colonists and ignoring the needs of the French colonists. Amid these tensions, there was also economic depression in the 1830s. [67] The victorious Tory supporters burned homes and farms of known rebels and suspected supporters. With the British minority in Lower Canada Consequences of Rebellion in Lower Canada: Causes of the rebellion in Lower Canada. The upper Canada Rebellion also ended quite unsuccessful. The rebellion of upper and lower Canada. In November 1837 the Lower Canadian Rebellion began and was led by Robert Nelson and Louis-Joseph Papineau. When hearing about this change, Mackenzie quickly tried to send a messenger to Lount to tell him not to arrive until December 7 but was unable to reach Lount in time. These policies favoured r… [56], On Wednesday morning Peter Matthews arrived at the tavern with sixty men, but Mackenzie could still not convince the rebel forces to march towards Toronto. Struggling to avoid the charge of sedition, reformers later purposefully obscured their true aims of independence from Britain and focused on their grievances against the Family Compact. 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