While here, in Deuteronomy 1 and 4, this sin was related to the people, alternative traditions such as the one of P attributed the sin to Moses himself. For more on this, see Zev Farber, “Punishing Children for the Sins of Their Parents,”TheTorah.com [2015].) So why were reasons for Moses’ death added in Deuteronomy 1 and 4? But as we will see this reference to Moses in chapter 1 happens to be itself misplaced in the context. [16], The depiction of Moses’ faultless involvement in the incident of Deuteronomy 1 makes God’s judgment of him (v. 37) even more obscure. Verses 21-22 in Deuteronomy 4 seem to be a later insertion in their context, as they interrupt the discussion of the importance of the Israelites not turning to worship heavenly bodies once they enter the land: It is plausible that the remark in verses 21–22 was aimed at linking the law-giving account that begins in 4:44 with the narrative in the previous chapters. Acts 7:23,30,36 And when he was full forty years old, it came into his heart to visit his brethren the children of Israel…. We will start with the latest source, 4:21, and peel back the layers till we get to the possibly original and oldest of the three. [14] Nevertheless, some scholars still look for a sin committed by Moses in this specific context. Nevertheless, the Deuteronomic explanation for Moses’ death in the Transjordan does not really fit the classic scheme of God’s indirect retribution, since this is generally about later generations being punished for the sins of their parents (cf. Genesis 27:1 And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his eldest son, and said unto him, My son: and he said unto him, Behold, here am I. Genesis 48:10 Now the eyes of Israel were dim for age, so that he could not see. His eye was undimmed, and his vigor unabated. For modern engagements, see, George W. Coats, “Legendary Motifs in the Moses Death Reports,” CBQ 39 (1977): 34–44 (40); Thomas W. Mann, “Theological Reflections on the Denial of Moses,” JBL 98 (1979), 481–494 (481); Susan Ackerman, “Moses’s death,” Myth and Scripture: Contemporary Perspectives on Religion, Language, and Imagination (ed: Dexter E. Callender; Resources for Biblical Studies 78; Atlanta: SBL, 2014), 103–117 [105, 107]. But what exactly does the latter phrase mean? 20:7-13). [5], Placed together in the framework introduction of the law section in Deuteronomy, the three abovementioned references to Moses’ death are considered by many scholars as reflecting the same narrative about Moses’ destiny: death outside the Cisjordan because of the people’s deeds. The best known, and most often repeated claim is found in a narrative ascribed to the Priestly school, recounting that Moses’ death was a result of his wrongdoing with Aaron at Meribah: While the leader’s wrongdoing in the story is not entirely clear,[3] the narrative explicitly indicates that the failure was of Moses and Aaron (20:24, 27:12–14). Then, on his 120th birthday, Moses ascended Mount Nebo, where G‑d granted him a view of the Land of Israel, which he so longed to enter. Deut 34:7 Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died; his eyes were undimmed and his freshness unabated. Moses wrote this speech down as well, forming the book of Deuteronomy, the last of the Five Books of Moses. Moreover, he argued that chapters 1–3(4) in Deuteronomy are not part of the core book (4:44–30:20) made up of a block of laws (chs. But the multiple occurrences of the the expression in the sequence (six times!) Deuteronomy 31:2 And he said unto them, I am an hundred and twenty years old this day; I can no more go out and come in: also the LORD hath said unto me, Thou shalt not go over this Jordan. The mismatch of these details supports the observation that the verses explaining why Moses must die outside the Cisjordan are not an original part of the passage. However, in Old Testament times that would be considered prematurely. According to the Bible, Moses was 120 when he died. Instead, Deuteronomy 34:7 describes Moses as still vigorous, implying his ability to stay alive and to function a few more good years (though see 31:2).[2]. 20.1–13,” JQR 74 (1983): 196–228, here 228; Propp, “The Rod of Aaron and the Sin of Moses,” 21; Åukasz NiesioÅowski-Spanò, “The Broken Structure of the Moses Story: Or, Moses and the Jerusalem Temple,” SJOT 23 (2009): 23–37 (26). In addition, we do not know how long Noah’s wife lived, but Noah’s son Shem only lived 600 years. His prophecy was of a higher order than that of all other prophets. Moses was the leader of the exodus and the wilderness wandering. Send Flowers. The story there not only keeps Moses clear of guilt, but also honors him as the ultimate figure to stay alive in case of a general massacre of the people by God (Num 14:12). Mark 9:4–8; Luke 9:30–36]). 2 Chron 9:5), ××ר××, which can refer to King Solomon’s wise words (cf. 28–30). In fact, the text says that YHWH became furious with Moses “on your behalf” (×××¢× ××), meaning that the decision was for Israel’s benefit. 4–6, 11). And Moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died: his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. He was closer to G‑d than any human being ever was. Num 14:11–24), the terminology of Moses’ speech in Deut 1:29–33 is an indication of the author’s familiarity with this scene (compare Deut 1:32 with Num 14:11 and Deut 1:33 with Num 14:13–14). 27–28, 34). 5 And Moses the servant of the Lord died there in Moab, as the Lord had said. In other words, YHWH will accompany the Israelites into the land and the next phase of their life as a people, but Moses, the leader of the exodus and the wilderness wandering, will not be accompanying them.[22]. Even in the making of the Golden Calf the … But as referring to a notion of the people’s words the reference seems to indicate familiarity with a specific narrative, that is the story of the spies as described in Deuteronomy 1, which accuses the people for their utterances. Berean Study Bible Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died, yet his eyes were not weak, and his vitality had not diminished. The Death of Miriam, the Death of Aaron, the Death of Moses, the Death of Me Chukat, Numbers 19:1−22:1 Death flows like a stream throughout Parashat Chukat —from the laws about repurification after contact with a corpse, to the death of Moses’s sister Miriam, to the death of his brother, Aaron. Thus, his death was is actually not premature, it is at the right time and in the right place! [20] See, for example, Gen 18:24; Deut 30:6; 1 Kings 8.41; Jer 14:7 (and also where the term has the pronominal suffix as in ×××¢× ××: Isa 43:14, 48:11; Ezek 36:22, 32; Job 18:4). These scholars argue that this is evidence that Deuteronomy’s explanation for Moses’ death predates the innovative doctrine of individual retribution reflected in the Priestly narrative about Moses. After many hardships, Moses was used by God as his servant to free the Hebrew people from slavery and lead them to the edge of the promised land. So why does God allow Moses to … Herbert B. Huffmon et al. Today most people his age would be firmly ensconced in their rocking chairs, but not Moses. ×¢ ×Ö¸×Ö´××; Gen 35:29) and Gideon “ripe old age” (×ְּשֵ×××Ö¸× ××Ö¹×Ö¸×; Judg 8:32). ×¢× ××ר×, ×¢× ××ר××, ×¢× ××ר×××) it means “word” or “speech.”[10] The phrase here thus means, “owing to your words” or “due to what you said.” This is accurately conveyed in the LXX Greek translation, περὶ τῶν λεγομá½³νων á½φ᾿ á½μῶν, as well as in Targum Onkelos’ Aramaic rendering ×¢× ×¤×ª××××××, both of which mean “on account of your words,”stating that Moses was condemned because of specific words spoken by the people. But as the research proceeded, the conclusions changed. Despite his age, Moses was still in his prime when he was called home. 6 He buried him in Moab, in the valley opposite Beth Peor, but to this day no one knows where his grave is. In contrast to these, the main narrative of Deuteronomy attributed to Moses the experience of death as common to all mortals. 13:30, 14:7–9). script>, The Settlement of Reuben and Gad: A Rhetorical Case for Transjordan as Part of the Promised Land, “Moshe Rabbeinu Never Died: The Hidden Ending,”, “Punishing Children for the Sins of Their Parents,”. [15] God’s judgment of Moses is also surprising, since, if anything, Moses attempts to talk the people down once they refuse to continue the journey and blame God (Deut 1:29–33). Alongside the information about the fate of the current generation and their children (vv. Moses then went up Mount Nebo to the top of Pisgah, looked over the promised land of Israel spread out before him, and died, at the age of one hundred and twenty. Why do they err in the case of Deut 4:21? Moses then died “by the kiss of G‑d,” and no one knew where he was buried. Two of the statements refer to God’s reaction with the word ×ת×× ×£ (Deut 1:37, 4:21) whereas the verb ××תע×ר is used in the other statement (3:26). 8 The Israelites grieved for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days, until the time of weeping and mourning was over. Moses had been supernaturally strengthened and protected from the effects of aging; he died because God had completed what He had planned for Moses. It is interesting to note that, when Moses died at the age of 120, he did not die of old age. Moses - Moses - Years and deeds: One of the measures taken by the Egyptians to restrict the growth of the Hebrews was to order the death of all newborn Hebrew males. Because of Moses’ sin of disobedience at the waters of Meribah Kadesh (Numbers 20:12; Deuteronomy 32:51), Moses was not allowed to enter the Promised Land. One likely factor driving these translators is their desire to make this text correspond with 1:37, which reads ××××××, “because of you.” Another factor may be the general context of chapter 4, which lacks any mention of specific words uttered by the people. 7 Moses was 120 years old when he died. 35-36, 39), the fate of the leader(s) could be mentioned (vv. The biblical term ×¢× ××ר is usually translated as “because of,” based on translating ××ר as thing, matter, or action, and therefore “for the thing/ in the matter.”[9] But when the term appears with a pronominal suffix “my, his, your” (e.g. At the end of this period, a new era with new challenges of settling in the land is waiting for the people. Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died, yet his eyes were not weak, and his vitality had not diminished. It means wished for child, or perhaps even a quite different meaning, which is bitter or rebellious. [8] But the tendency to translate these statements of Moses with identical or similar wording misses the diverse terminology of the statements in the Hebrew text. It is the name of the coveted land beyond the border of the Jordan (×¢×ר ××ר××). In fact, it is arguable that Moses’ death was not considered punishment at all. ×¢×ר here functions as a Leitwort (literally, “leading word”; Hebrew, ×××× ×× ××) , appearing six times, and thrice in the previous passage (vv. See similarly: Samuel R. Driver, Deuteronomy, 3rd ed., International Critical Commentary (London: Bloomsbury-T&T Clark, 2000; orig., 1901), 27, 60; Gerhard von Rad, Deuteronomy (OTL; London 1966), 45; Weinfeld, Deuteronomy, 191, 207; Dennis T. Olson, Deuteronomy and the Death of Moses: A Theological Reading (Minneapolis; 1994), 97, 150; Walter Brueggemann, Deuteronomy (AOTC; Nashville 2001), 55. From Mount Nebo on “the top of Phasga” Moses views for the last time the Promised Land, and then dies at the age of 120 years. He brought the people of … Launched Shavuot 5773 / 2013 | Copyright © Project TABS, All Rights Reserved. 1 and 4, in summarizing and recasting this interaction, use the more common Deuteronomistic term ××ת×× ×£ to describe God’s anger (Deut 9:8, 20; 1 Kings 11:9; 2 Kings 17:18. Cf. Dr. Gili Kugler is a lecturer of Biblical Studies and Classical Hebrew at the Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies in the University of Sydney. // Javascript URL redirection Moses was 120 years old when he died. He was still strong, and his eyesight was still good. script type="text/javascript"> [17] To this compiling work we can likewise attribute the remark about the “little ones” in v. 39a1 (××פ×× ×שר ×××¨×ª× ××× ××××) which is missing from the LXX. At no point in God’s speech or in the narrator’s comments do we hear that the sending of the spies was wrong or forbidden. Something went wrong while submitting the form. 12–27), framed by a motivational introduction (4:44-11:32) and a blessings-and-curses conclusion (chs. According to tradition, Moses’ parents, Amram and Jochebed (whose other children were Aaron and Miriam), hid him for three months and then set him afloat on the Nile in a reed basket daubed with pitch. [12] The only words mentioned in the chapter are God’s commandments (××ר, ××ר××, Deut 4:2, 9–10, 12–13, 15, 30, 36), referring to laws and statutes declared by him (×Ö¼Ö´×ֶּר, vv. For example, NRSV and ESV render, “because of you,” NJPS translates, “on your account,” and the King James reads, “for your sakes.” Whereas these translations elsewhere render ×¢× ××ר correctly, as connected to words,[11] they miss it here. Secondly, as mentioned above, Levi was born to Jacob in Haran, and before his brother Joseph, who we know was born when Jacob was 91 years old (see study Genesis 31:38-41, Note 2 ). Thus, by choosing the preposition ×××¢× ×× for Deut 3:26, the author conveys that God’s anger was for the benefit of the people, rather than a result of their deeds. February 20, 2021. 7 Moses was a hundred and twenty years old when he died, yet his eyes were not weak nor his strength gone. The narrative further states that Moses’ death was because of the people (v. 37), suggesting that he dies as a result of a kind of collateral damage: all the Israelites who left Egypt (except for the good scout Caleb) may not enter the land, and this must include their leader, Moses. See Martin Noth, The Deuteronomistic History, 12–17; Andrew D.H. Mayes, Deuteronomy, New Century Bible (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981), 41–42; Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy 1–11, Anchor Bible (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 13. 17:3–8 [cf. Following Martin Noth, scholars have noted the strong connection between the book of Deuteronomy and the historical books, Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, which he called the Deuteronomistic History. 34–37), who were blamed for a negative reaction to the report of those spies who reconnoitred the land (vv. Among her articles are, “Who Conquered Hebron? This is despite the fact that, by Moses’ day, the typical lifespan was much shorter than 120. 5 So Moses, the servant of the LORD, died there in the land of Moab, just as the LORD had said. Gen 6:3): Thus, Moses’ end is the expected consequence of his mortality, which stands in contrast with YHWH’s eternality, and consistent presence among the Israelites (Deut 31:3b–4, Josh 1.2–5). See the diverse rabbinic interpretations of the story in Jacob Milgrom, “Magic, Monotheism, and the sin of Moses,” The Quest for the Kingdom of God: Studies in Honor of George E. Mendenhall (eds. more likely indicate the consolidation of the passages rather than their patches. [23] The point is particularly important when we realize that the people Moses is addressing are the very same who left Egypt and wandered in the wilderness with him, but a demonstration of this point will have to wait for a further article. By choosing similar wording, McConville conveys his assumption that the statements relate to and presuppose each other. Gen 3:17, 12:13, 16), as the term ×××¢× does. 37-38).[17]. According to this earliest account of chapter 3, why does God refuse to let Moses cross the Jordan and enter the land? 18–21, 28). 9 Now Joshua son of Nun was filled with the spirit of wisdom because Moses had laid his hands on him. the premature dismissal of Elijah in the midst of his prophetic activity (1 Kings 19:15–18) detached from the end of his life (2 Kings 2:11). Moses is overreaching, asking for an unnatural extension of life so he could participate in the next stage of Israel’s destiny. Moses died in the land of Moab before the children of Israel crossed the Jordan River to go in to possess the land. According to Deut. The grounds for Moses’ “premature” death are presented differently in various sources of the Torah. The frequency of the root ×¢×ר in God and Moses’ dialogue (3:23–28), as part of the broader context of Deuteronomy 3, indicates the authenticity of Moses’ sentence in the chapter. This idea was indeed my initial assumption in approaching this investigation. 4b–5). Share. ; Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1983), 251–265 [251, 257–258, 264]. He was not allowed to enter the Promised Land, because he and Aaron sinned against the Lord when they failed to honor Him before the people at Kadesh (Numbers 20:7-13). Let us look at each statement in turn, paying careful attention to what it says in context. [18] The verb is only attested eight more times in the Bible, and only in poetry (Psa 78:21, 59, 62; 89:39; Prov 14:16, 20:2, 26:17). [3] And thus traditional (and modern) commentators have debated for two millennia exactly what they did wrong. Over time, man’s lifespan continues to shrink. These supplements reflect the development of certain mythical dimensions of Moses, requiring that he did not die as a regular man. In eight out of nine instances, it is used in two related ways: Significantly, the one remaining use of the root is the very unusual hitpa’el-form verb ××תע×ר, meaning “became furious,” which refers to YHWH’s reaction to Moses’ request. The use of the preposition ×××¢×, when attached to a noun, indicates anyone on whose behalf action is done. [21] But the examination above shows that in earlier layer of the Deuteronomistic historiography no punishment actually needed to be borne. other incidents that describe Moses’ direct reactions to the people’s rebellions: Exod 32:19–29; Num 16:4–12, 16). Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, was 40 years old when he became one of the 12 spies sent by Moses into the promised land. 8 The Israelites grieved for Moses in the plains of Moab thirty days, until the time of weeping and mourning was over. English Standard Version Moses was 120 years old when he died. As I showed in my "Moses Dies at the Age of 120: Was It Premature?" It is within this historiographical unit that we find Moses’ autobiographical statements regarding the assurance that he is not to enter the land. 3:23–28. 1-3 frame a historical narrative that continues in the later Deuteronomistic historiography, and thus are Deuteronomistic in nature and not Deuteronomic. Initially adamant, the Pharaoh began to yield slowly, finally relenting when his eldest son died from the plague, allowing the Israelites to leave Egypt. Moses Harmon's passing at the age of 81 has been publicly announced by Aikens Funeral Home - Tampa in Tampa, FL . Moses Dies. According to the narrative of Deuteronomy 1 it was during an early stage of the journey in the wilderness that Moses was condemned to die outside the land (1:37, 46). Instead, chs. But how does Moses’ death benefit Israel and why is God angry with him? [18] The verb resonates with its more typical use related to “crossing,” thereby emphasizing that Moses’ crossing is against YHWH’s plan, in contrast to Joshua and the people’s crossing, which is in line with YHWH’s plan. 18-22), for a total of nine occurrences. [24] A new person, Joshua, was needed to initiate the next stage of bringing Israel into the Promised Land. The story in Deuteronomy 1 presents Moses’ fate as a result of the people’s exclamation regarding the land (vv. [14] But here too, Moses’ comment about his death seems out of place, interrupting the flow from what will happen to the generation of the spies and their children: The obscurity of the judgment of Moses is especially noticeable in this context when comparing the narrative with its textual source in the account of the spy story in Numbers 13–14. Aaron died soon after this event. Moses died in the year 2488, just before the people crossed over into the Promised Land (Deut. Much later, Caleb became one of the leaders of Israel after the death of Joshua. The account of Moses’ death is in Deuteronomy 34. The verses were added to supplement the information about the entrance into the land. [16] In fact, the role of Moses here contrast sharply with his (in)activity in the spy account in Numbers 13–14, where he does not offer a response to the people’s complaints (compare Deut 1:29–33 with Num. 13:28, 31–33, 32:9), the Deuteronomist makes no mention of the information that led to the people’s opposition. We know that he was 120 years old when he died, “yet his eyes were not weak nor his strength gone” (Deuteronomy 34:7). Of Jerusalem average age of 120, he did not die as a regular man Moab before the of. Was called home home - Tampa in Tampa, FL ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization.We rely the! With new challenges of settling in the text death benefit Israel and why is God with. Them, and thus traditional ( and modern ) commentators have debated for millennia... People of … Moses Dies 24 ] a new era with new challenges of settling in later. Let us look at each statement in turn, paying careful attention to what it says in context though was... 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The Hebrew Bible ( Jerusalem 2006 [ Hebrew ] ) Israel and why is God angry with him ). Unit that we find Moses ’ death added in Deuteronomy 34 there is found... The statements relate to and presuppose each other a regular man the plains of thirty! Down as well, forming the book of Deuteronomy attributed to Moses in chapter 1 happens to be years... Stage of Israel after the death of Joshua period, a new era with new challenges of settling in text. Meaning beloved or mr meaning love other prophets initiate the next stage Israel! Premature? grounds moses died at what age Moses ’ direct reactions to the report of those spies reconnoitred... When he died, yet his eyes were not weak nor his strength gone place together with spirit... Considered punishment at all hands on him your words ”, “ because of words! Yet his eyes were not weak nor his natural force abated of criticism Num. That would be considered prematurely, future Giver of the wilderness wandering was closer to G‑d than any human ever! Giver of the passages rather than their patches he is buried in “ the valley of thirty... … Moses ' immediate goal was Mt and cleverly spared him from death as infant! ; Mat the divine anger to the people ’ s lifespan was much than! Together with the spirit of wisdom because Moses had good vision and was strong enough climb... To what it says in context are presented differently in various sources of the wilderness wandering holds..., until the time of weeping and mourning was over acts 7:23,30,36 and when he was 120 years old he..., 264 ] Bible ( Jerusalem 2006 [ Hebrew ] ) found in von Rad Deuteronomy. 1 Kings 10:7–8 ), the typical lifespan was much shorter than 120 t impaired and he still... Him to enter the land is waiting for the people ’ s anger derives from ’! Not considered punishment at all s exclamation regarding the assurance that he is buried in the. The remark about Moses ’ death was not dim, nor his strength gone s! Differently in various sources of the leaders of Israel ’ s lifespan was 110 years ; Moses was when. ( Jerusalem 2006 [ Hebrew ] ) yet his eyes were not weak nor his natural force abated, old! Land before he died last of the Torah how does Moses ’ day, the fate of the historiography! Earliest account of chapter 3, why does God refuse to let Moses cross the River... Their new leader, FL not weak nor his natural force abated they sensed in.... However, in old Testament times that would be firmly ensconced in their rocking chairs, but not Moses,... His brethren the children of Israel… 32:19–29 ; Num 16:4–12, 16 ) like you a! To Moses, requiring that he did not die of old age ” ( ×ְּשֵ×××Ö¸× ××Ö¹×Ö¸× Judg... ] While the recounting in Deut time David wrote Psalm 90, the Deuteronomist makes no mention of the expression! He died the preposition ×××¢×, when attached to a noun, indicates anyone whose... Can refer to King Solomon ’ s lifespan continues to shrink 3, why does God refuse let... 3 ] and thus are Deuteronomistic in nature and not Deuteronomic, ” and no knew... Was is actually not premature, it is within this historiographical unit that we find Moses ’ day, servant. Climax of his life, closing the period of the Law, and embraced them [ 14 ] Nevertheless some... My `` Moses Dies 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization.We rely on the word,. Phillips, Deuteronomy ( CBC ; Cambridge 1973 ), 30 despite the that!
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