J. Microbiol. The top and bottom Petri dishes were sealed together with parafilm and incubated at 25°C. Morphology and physiology characteristics of Alternaria solani were investigated for identification and variability. A majority of Alternaria species are saprobic, which means that they are largely involved in the decomposition of various organic matter. Fumigant activity of volatiles of Streptomyces globisporus JK-1 against Penicillium italicum on Citrus microcarpa. Based on whole genome sequences and annotation of A. solani strain HWC-168 (Zhang et al., 2018), two virulence-related genes slt2 and sod were predicted. The same letter on the bars for each column indicates no significant difference according to a LSD test at P = 0.05. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5198-x, Zou, C., Li, Z., and Yu, D. (2010). species infecting potato in southern China It is well known that in vitro sporulation of A. solani requires special conditions and that conidial production tends to decrease after periodic subculturing of the pathogen (Rotem, 1994). doi: 10.20964/2016.09.64, Fernando, W. D., Ramarathnam, R., Krishnamoorthy, A. S., and Savchuk, S. C. (2005). (n = 3). In this study, benzenes and ketones are the most abundant volatiles produced by strain ZD01. (A) Effect of VOCs produced by ZD01 on development of early blight symptoms on Potato leaf. 88, 181–187. After that, a single circularized chromosome of 4,015,360 bp in length with a GC content of 43.71% from ZD01 was obtained (Figure 1B, CP046448). Control represents A. solani without treatment of pure identified VOCs. By following the methods of Gong et al. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Genotyping and identification of broad spectrum antimicrobial volatiles in black pepper root endophytic biocontrol agent. Margin of . Alternaria Nucleic Acids Res. Antibacterial effects of volatiles produced by Bacillus strain D13 against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. J. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.06.003, Li, Q., Ning, P., Zheng, L., Huang, J., Li, G., and Hsiang, T. (2012). Control represents A. solani without treatment of ZD01 VOCs; ZD01 represents A. solani with treatment of ZD01 VOCs. Disease resistance and virulence screen in Solanum tuberosum–Alternaria tenuissima interaction: the role of pathogenicity factors. The expression of slt2 was strongly repressed (∼0.83- and 0.40-fold) in the presence of VOCs after 3- and 4-day co-culture (Figure 5H). L’Alternariose de la tomate, causée par Alternaria solani, est une des principales maladies de la tomate pouvant affecter toutes les parties de la plantes et tous les stades de développement. Phytopathology 104, 1289–1297. (B) Scanning electron micrographs of A. solani co-cultured with ZD01 volatiles. Meanwhile, based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, 29 volatile compounds produced by strain ZD01 were identified. The authors therefore propose that A. tenuissima should be treated as the major target in deciding management strategies, such as evaluation of fungicide sensitivity or cultivation of resistant varieties. Scanning electron microscopy showed thin, inward or gapped structures and altered surface morphology in the majority of A. solani cells after co-culture with strain ZD01 volatiles. . (2017). aurantiaca strain Pcho10 as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium graminearum. Target fungi and their culture. Control 80, 89–95. 2013CH015) and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (no. niveum stopped growth completely (Wu et al., 2019). (2015). In some fungal pathogens, like Colletotrichum lagenarium, B. cinerea, and Mycosphaerella graminicola, the role of virulence-related gene slt2 has also been well studied, involved in the maintenance of cell-wall integrity and various aspects of saprotrophic and pathogenic growth (Kojima et al., 2002; Mehrabi et al., 2006; Rui and Hahn, 2007). 85, 1315–1320. Reactive oxygen species accumulation and homeostasis are involved in plant immunity to an opportunistic fungal pathogen. 19 Identification and use of potential bacterial organic antifungal volatiles in biocontrol. vasinfectum, Verticillium dahliae Kleb, and Fusarium graminearum. Bacillus species are known for their capacity to produce a great variety of antifungal compounds to suppress or kill fungal pathogens (Chaurasia et al., 2005). 11, 844–854. We finally classified the strain ZD01 as B. subtilis. A method of obtaining abundant sporulation in cultures of Macrosporium solani E. and M. Brooklyn bot. Nat. 26, 925–932. Gdn. Real-Time PCR and LAMP Assays for the Detection of Spores of 48, 460–466. Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Alternaria brassicicola and Alternaria brassicae: A Comparative Overview: Sanjay Mishra, Ruchi Singh, Shailesh Kumar and Sudheer Kumar: Abstract: Among different Brassica, Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), an important and predominant rabi oilseed crop of rapeseed mustard group … K. M. Charlton 355 KUNKEL, S. O. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.10.014, Liu, C., Yin, X., Wang, Q., Peng, Y., Ma, Y., Liu, P., et al. x, 3o6-312. 2-Pentylfuran fumigated from Bacillus megaterium strain XTBG34 could significantly promote plant growth of Arabidopsis thaliana (Zou et al., 2010). BMC Microbiol. Briefly, five soil samples that were 0–20 cm away from infected potato plants (Helan 15) were collected and then pooled as one sample. To observe structural changes on A. solani, the wild-type strains were co-cultured with VOCs produced by strain ZD01 for 6 days at 25°C using the face-to-face Petri dishes. Alternaria tenuissima (C) Inhibition rate of 25 identified VOCs against A. solani. Bacillus megaterium BP17. Inhibition of fungal mycelia growth and spore germination is conventional mechanism of biocontrol agents for disease controlling. These species were already reported in Algeria by Bessadat (2016) and around the . doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1760-3, Kim, P., Bai, H., Bai, D., Chae, H., Chung, S., Kim, Y., et al. tomato Ro and Xanthomonas campestris with sterile zones 48.0 and 50.0 mm in diameter, respectively. Caractères morphologiques. Vérifiez les traductions 'Alternaria solani' en Anglais. Genome sequence of the potato pathogenic fungus Alternaria solani HWC-168 reveals clues for its conidiation and virulence. We found that slt2 is a key gene involved in mycelial growth, hyphae penetration, and sporulation of A. solani, which could further affect its pathogenicity. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Furthermore, we sequenced the complete genome of ZD01 by Pacbio RSII. All the used fungal pathogens are listed in Supplementary Table S2. molecular characteristics, all the isolates were identified as Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata or A. solani. Pre- and postharvest measures used to control decay and mycotoxigenic fungi in potato ( Control represents A. solani without treatment of ZD01 VOCs; ZD01 represents A. solani with treatment of ZD01 VOCs. Synthesis of Novel Riluzole Analogues. . In addition, VOC composition of a given species is highly dynamic over time, resulting in a changing composition of the produced VOCs depending on the age of the VOC-producing species (Wang et al., 2013). 34, 189–193. 18:176. doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1324-3, Zhang, X., Li, B., Wang, Y., Guo, Q., Lu, X., Li, S., et al. Mol. First Report of Leaf Spot of Peppermint ( (C,D) Reduction of conidia germination of A. solani with the treatment of ZD01 volatiles. Gene deletion vector construction and transformation of A. solani were generated by the double-joint PCR method with minor modification (Yu et al., 2004). Alternaria solani was clustered in a single clade, while in another large clade, the Alternaria … The mixed volatiles produced by B. atrophaeus CAB-1 strains, mainly composed of hexadecane, 2,3-dimethoxybenzamide, and oanisaldehyde, resulted in an effective inhibition of B. cinerea (Zhang et al., 2013). 37 mm) against Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Mon-ilia linhartiana 869, Phytophthora cryptogea 759/1 and Rhizoctonia sp. 3. (C,D) Antagonistic activity of VOCs produced by ZD01 against nine plant pathogens, including Bipolaris sorokinianum, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria mali roberts, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Alternaria Alternaria tenuissima It is the causative agent of leaf blight of wheat … The bacterial strains (5 μl, 1 × 108 CFU/ml) were inoculated 2 cm away from A. solani. Phylogenetic and enzymatic variability of Environ. Plant Microbe Interact. J. Bacteriol. Mycelia in control groups were able to penetrate cellophane sheets during the cellophane penetration assay with the colony diameter of 5.5 ± 1.6 cm. After incubation at 37°C for 4 days, samples were used for analysis. 10, 3295–3304. According to the BLAST and complete genome sequencing results, we found that strain ZD01 showed extremely high similarity (identity 99%, E-value = 0) to B. subtilis. . Technol. (2008). Fungal Biol. Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is one of the most devastating diseases of potato that causes severe yield loss worldwide. . Microbiol. niveum. Aniline, 4-methylanisole, benzoxazole, valerophenone, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine showed strong antagonistic effect, and their inhibition rates against A. solani were 93.6 ± 0.3, 91.7 ± 1.6, 88.5 ± 4.6, 88.8 ± 0.5, and 77.7 ± 6.0%, respectively. Control 105, 27–39. After 3 days of incubation at 25°C, the cellophane membrane with the colony was removed from each plate. After that, the dilution plating method with miner modification was used for spore-forming bacteria isolation (López-Berges et al., 2010). Among them, non-ribosomal cyclic lipopeptides (Nakano et al., 1988; Munimbazi and Bullerman, 1998; Kim et al., 2004; Timmusk et al., 2005) are the most well-studied ones. Growth characteristics of Alternaria alternata . All of the active volatiles produced by bacteria so far can be grouped into alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, alkenes, alkynes, benzenes, esters, terpenoids, heterocycles, and sulfur-containing compounds (Fernando et al., 2005; Corcuff et al., 2011; Lemfack et al., 2014). 41, 973–981. (2016). Causing Potato Early Blight and Brown Spot in Wisconsin However, the A. solani colony co-cultured with VOCs produced by ZD01 did not grow after the cellophane was removed, which indicated that the penetration ability of mycelia lost completely (Figure 2A). Causing Leaf Spot on Star Anise ( in Beijing, China One gram of ground mycelium was resuspended in 9 ml of PBS buffer (pH 7.2–7.4) and then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 20 min. Figures 1C,D showed that a broad range of pathogens were also inhibited by the volatiles released from strain ZD01. However, these non-volatile antibiotics cannot spread over long distances. For example, transmission electron microscopy observation of fumigated and untreated B. cinerea showed excessive vesication or thickened cell walls in exposed conidia and increased strong retraction of plasma membrane in exposed hyphae (Li et al., 2012). Sci. . The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Soil samples were collected from four different fields (Chengde, Hebei; Zhang Jiakou, Hebei; Qinhuangdao, Hebei; Tengzhou, Shandong) which had serious potato early blight disease by a five-spot sampling method (Chen et al., 2018) in China. Numerous studies have studied the antifungal mechanisms of soluble non-volatile bioactive compounds such as lipopeptides and proteins produced by Bacillus against soil-borne diseases. Alternaria solani is a kind of fungal pathogen that can cause early blight disease of tomato, potato, tobacco, and many other vegetables and crops, and lead to huge losses in agricultural production. Antifungal activity of volatile organic compounds from Streptomyces alboflavus TD-1. Appl. Romaine, 1998. One piece of fresh potato leaf (Helan 15) was placed onto the other compartment with 0.5% water agar containing 10 μg/ml tetracycline hydrochloride and 20 μl of A. solani conidia suspension (105 CFU/ml) was inoculated onto the center of the leaf. Methods 25, 402–408. After transforming the constructed plasmid into HWC-168, the subsequent deletion mutants were verified by PCR with slt2-F/R and sod-F/R (Supplementary Table S4). (C) Symptoms of early blight disease on potato leaf caused by sterile water (Control), wild-type A. solani (WT), mutants (Δslt2 and Δsod), and complementation strains (Δslt2-C and Δsod-C). For instance, VOCs produced by B. amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 could hinder growth and spore germination of the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. We demonstrated that VOCs of B. subtilis have great potential to be used as a biologically synthesized fungicide in the agricultural field. The VOCs of B. velezensis 5YN8 can suppress the mycelium growth and conidia formation of B. cinerea BC1301 (Jiang et al., 2018). Alternaria solani Potato is one of the most important crops in the world. Microbiol. doi: 10.1007/s11274-009-0255-4, Gao, Z., Zhang, B., Liu, H., Han, J., and Zhang, Y. Results from qRT-PCR showed that the transcriptional expression of these two genes was down-regulated after being treated by VOCs produced by ZD01. The same letter on the bars for each column indicates no significant difference according to a LSD test at P = 0.05. Among the 25 volatile chemicals, nine chemicals including acetophenone, 2-nonanone, m-tolunitrile, 2-ethylhexanol, 2-heptanone, benzylacetone, 6-methyl-2-heptanone, benzothiazole, and 5-methyl-2-hexanone completely inhibited the growth of A. solani. slt2 is a key gene that regulates the mycelial growth, penetration, sporulation, and virulence in vivo in A. solani. The transcriptional expression profiles of slt2 and sod under condition of co-culture with ZD01 volatiles were investigated by real-time RT-PCR. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2- ΔΔCT method. Out of 29 identified VOCs, 9 VOCs showed complete growth inhibition activities against A. solani. Bacterial volatiles and their action potential. (2013). The VOCs of B. velezensis ZSY-1 strain exhibit significant antifungal activity against B. cinerea (Gao et al., 2017). PLoS One 10:e0116871. Molecular characteristics of 17 isolates of Alternaria inculding the representative isolates were determined using sequence analysis of IRS rDNA and histone H3 … Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that VOCs released by ZD01 could cause more flaccid and gapped hyphae of A. solani. As shown in Figures 2C,D, the B. subtilis ZD01 could inhibit the germination of A. solani conidia significantly (P < 0.05) by releasing some VOCs compared with the control group. Volatile organic compounds were analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A nitrogen response pathway regulates virulence functions in Fusarium oxysporum via the protein kinase TOR and the bZIP protein MeaB. in China Direct Link | Medwell Publications. These rotations could greatly increase the risk of A. tenuissima infecting potato plants and should be avoided in future because the fungus is not host species‐specific. Biol. Antagonistic activities of volatiles produced by two Bacillus strains against Monilinia fructicola in peach fruit. (B) Peak area of six identified classes of VOCs from ZD01. 15, 1268–1276. There are reports of A. tenuissima causing foliar diseases in China on wheat (Bensassi et al., 2009), pepper (Li et al., 2011), blueberry (Luan et al., 2007) and Eleutherococcus senticosus (Gao et al., 2011). doi: 10.1094/mpmi-19-0389, Minerdi, D., Bossi, S., Gullino, M. L., and Garibaldi, A. (A) Colony morphology of wild-type A. solani (WT), mutants (Δslt2 and Δsod) and complementation strains (Δslt2-C and Δsod-C). Strain ZD01 was then identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis and whole genome sequencing (CP046448). Lemfack, M. C., Nickel, J., Dunkel, M., Preissner, R., and Piechulla, B. Figure 5. slt2 and sod are key virulence related genes in A. solani. *Correspondence: Zhihui Yang, bdyzh@hebau.edu.cn; Jiehua Zhu, zhujiehua356@126.com, Front. . However, hyphae treated with VOCs from ZD01 exhibited substantial structural destruction (Figure 2B). The resulting supernatants were serially diluted in sterile 0.85% NaCl solution and plated onto LB agar plates. 78, 5942–5944. Diffusible and volatile compounds produced by an antagonistic Bacillus subtilis strain cause structural deformations in pathogenic fungi in vitro. Eight Alternaria species have been reported to cause potato foliar diseases worldwide. Total RNAs of A. solani cells co-cultured with volatiles produced by ZD01 after 3 and 4 days were extracted by using the Bacterial RNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, United States) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Data presented are the mean ± s.d. All isolates were tested in triplicate, and their inhibition zones were measured after 7 days of dual culture at 25°C. The top Petri dish contained 1.5% of potato dextrose agar (PDA). Through the complementation strain, the yield of sporulation increased to 2073 ± 415/cm2 and 1709 ± 171/cm2, respectively. Raza, W., Yuan, J., Ling, N., Huang, Q., and Shen, Q. They are also common allergens in humans, growing indoors and causing hay fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to asthma. Table 1. Alternaria solani. convexa Morphological changes in A. solani cells are shown in Figure 2B. Several form-species are found as saprobes on dead and decaying plant parts and in the soil while some form-species are facultative parasites, infecting a large number of higher plants. Blastospores pluricellulaires brunes de grande taille, septées transversalement et longitudinalement, bec apical filiforme spécifique présentant un pore. Altenaria brassicae and A. brassicicola cause leaf spot disease in crucifers such as mustard, cabbage, cauliflower, and knol kohl. All of these findings indicated that the mode of action of volatiles can be explained, at least in part, by their activities that lead to the functional degradation through the damage of mycelium structure, killing A. solani cells partially, and the reduction of spore germination (Figure 6). 11, 7990–8001. (2017). (2010). After that, ethanol was replaced by 100% tertiary butyl ethanol. Here, we present the functions of slt2 and sod in A. solani identified by knock-out mutant construction and phenotypical characterization. Among them, 34 isolates showed a certain inhibition effect on A. solani (Supplementary Table S1). LB plates without bacterial inoculum were used as control. These results reveal the molecular mechanism by which VOCs antagonize A. solani. 160, 75–81. Effects of volatile substances of Streptomyces globisporus JK-1 on control of Botrytis cinerea on tomato fruit. Xie, S., Zang, H., Wu, H., Uddin Rajer, F., and Gao, X. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.11.007, Gong, A.-D., Li, H.-P., Yuan, Q.-S., Song, X.-S., Yao, W., He, W.-J., et al. For another 3 days, the wild-type strain was grown without VOC treatment and the cellophane membrane on the PDA plate was removed. Control 126, 147–157. RAPD-PCR analysis of genetic variation among isolates of Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata from potato and tomato. The initial oven temperature of 40°C was held for 4 min, ramped up at a rate of 5°C/min to 150°C holding for 1 min, further ramped up at a rate of 10°C/min to 280°C, and held for 5 min. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2004.09.013, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. The VOCs produced by strain ZD01 were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). . 115, 220–227. (A) Antagonistic activity of ZD01 volatiles against A. solani. Thus, volatiles produced by ZD01 could change the morphology of A. solani seriously, and decompose the cell walls and membrane. In this study, B. subtilis ZD01, an effective antifungal strain, was isolated and identified from potato rhizosphere, and the antifungal effects of VOCs produced by it on A. solani were investigated by both in vivo and in vitro experiments. (2011). Biol. Antifungal activities of plant-beneficial Bacillus have been widely studied in recent years. (n = 3). Species in Wisconsin Meanwhile, the biological role of sod gene has been extensively investigated in the model organism S. cerevisiae. Most studies just focus on mycelia morphology and penetration and spore germination at a cellular level. Microbiol. (I918). (2013). Plant Pathol. The down-regulated expression of slt2 was consistent with the virulence reduction in A. solani. doi: 10.1007/s12275-010-0068-z, Keywords: antifungal activity, Bacillus subtilis, volatile organic compounds, airborne phytopathogens, Alternaria solani, Citation: Zhang D, Yu S, Yang Y, Zhang J, Zhao D, Pan Y, Fan S, Yang Z and Zhu J (2020) Antifungal Effects of Volatiles Produced by Bacillus subtilis Against Alternaria solani in Potato. The same letter on the bars for each column indicates no significant difference according to a LSD test at P = 0.05. An HP-5 capillary column (30.0 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm, Thermo) and helium as the carrier gas were used for GC-MS. A Thermo Trace 1300-ISQ MS was used for peak separation and detection. That would be the reason for the induced sod response after 3 days and repression after 4 days. Moreover, we identified two virulence-associated genes (slt2 and sod) in A. solani. Identification of ZD01 volatiles and inhibition effects of selected VOCs on A. solani. (2002). Despite the name "early," foliar symptoms usually occur on older leaves. Copyright © 2020 Zhang, Yu, Yang, Zhang, Zhao, Pan, Fan, Yang and Zhu. Due to this, there is a rising interest to seek for alternative antifungal agents for plant disease control. (D,E) Conidia production and colony diameter of wild-type A. solani (WT), mutants (Δslt2 and Δsod), and complementation strains (Δslt2-C and Δsod-C). Meanwhile, A. solani cells exposed to VOCs produced by strain ZD01 formed swollen part of hyphae with defective ability, leading to aborted invasion to the plant barrier. The analysis was performed in full-scan mode. Isolated bacterial strains were cultured in LB medium at 37°C. These crops are often grown in rotation with potato in some regions of China. Specific primers slt2-F/R and sod-F/R and marker gene primers neo-F/R (Supplementary Table S4) were used for verification. First Report of an Key words: Variability, Isolates, early blight, Alternaria solani Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important changes in the physiology of teh pathogen to become food crop grown throughout the world. Volatiles produced by ZD01 mediate the conidia germination and mycelium penetration of A. solani. This may also be a reason for the high frequency of A. tenuissima on diseased potato leaves sampled in this study. cubense causing fusarium wilt on banana (Yuan et al., 2012). Characteristic rings or target structures on potato leaf caused by early leaf blight, Alternaria solani. Biological and chemical strategies for exploring inter-and intra-kingdom communication mediated via bacterial volatile signals. Each strain was grown for another 3 days at 25°C. Wheat microbiome bacteria can reduce virulence of a plant pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation. However, the indiscriminate using and even abuse of chemical fungicides have already caused the appearance of resistant pathogens, which will further threaten the food safety and human health. Among nine identified chemicals with strong antifungal effects, the antifungal effects of 6-methyl-2-heptanone, acetophenone, 2-pentylfuran, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, and benzothiazole have also been analyzed. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. . |, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01196/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 42, D744–D748. First-strand cDNA was obtained using reverse transcriptase (TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China) with random hexamer primers. Food Agric. Two similar enhanced root-colonizing Pseudomonas strains differ largely in their colonization strategies of avocado roots and Rosellinia necatrix hyphae. doi: 10.1002/jobm.201400906. (A) Classification of VOCs produced by ZD01. L’Alternariose est caractérisée par l’apparition de tâches noires arrondies à la surface des feuilles, des tiges et des fruits. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.12.5662-5668.1988, Parafati, L., Vitale, A., Restuccia, C., and Cirvilleri, G. (2017). . The hyphae penetration, conidia germination, and virulence of A. solani were significantly reduced when treated with VOCs produced by ZD01 (P < 0.05). 171 world … 97, 9525–9534. In total, 29 VOCs were identified from ZD01, including 6 ketones, 17 aromatic compounds, 1 furan, 1 pyrazine, 3 alcohols, and 1 ester (Figures 4A,B and Table 1). (2018). In addition, SOD contents in complementation strains were similar to those of the wild type (124.0 ± 3.2 ng/L, 133.5 ± 3.9 ng/L). Alternaria alternata It produces numerous polyketides such as solanapyrone A (50) and alternaric acid (51), and is thus an ideal target species for speculative PKS gene-fishing expeditions (Figure 4). Mere. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Potato-Associated Alternaria species are known as major plant pathogens. Sporulation of Altemaria solani. DaZ, ZY, and JieZ wrote the manuscript. Alternaria solani est un champignon phytopathogène de la famille des Pleosporaceae présent dans les régions tempérées et tropicales de l'Ancien et du Nouveau monde, provoquant chez les plantes de la famille des Solanaceae, notamment la tomate et la pomme de terre, mais aussi le piment et l'aubergine, une maladie appelée « alternariose » ou « brûlure alternarienne »1. Iris tectorum doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.12.005, Farag, M. A., Song, G. C., Park, Y.-S., Audrain, B., Lee, S., Ghigo, J.-M., et al. Diversity and Virulence of Microbiol. Alternaria solani is a kind of fungal pathogen that can cause early blight disease of tomato, potato, tobacco, and many other vegetables and crops, and lead to huge losses in agricultural production. (F) Lesion diameter early blight disease on potato leaf caused by wild-type A. solani (WT), mutants (Δslt2 and Δsod), and complementation strains (Δslt2-C and Δsod-C). mVOC: a database of microbial volatiles. Open 8:e00813. Genetic diversity among Alternaria solani Isolates from Potatoes in South Africa. Volatile organic compounds produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibit the in vitro development of Guignardia citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot. J. Appl. Microbiol. . doi: 10.1094/pdis-92-12-1707b, Pliego, C., De Weert, S., Lamers, G., De Vicente, A., Bloemberg, G., Cazorla, F. M., et al. 55, 1104–1117. Environ. Each run was performed for 45 min. Treated mycelium appeared with a more flaccid hyphae, and the surface of the cell walls became uneven (yellow arrows, Figure 2B). Also, thin or gapped structures presenting a retracted protoplasm were seen in Figure 2B (green arrows). lactucae (Liu et al., 2018). Isolate That Causes Leaf Spot Disease on Plant pathogen population dynamics in potato fields. Purification and characterization of a lipopeptide produced by Bacillus thuringiensis CMB26. A. alternata 6-Methyl-2-heptanone produced by B. subtilis completely inhibited mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. (C) A. solani copy numbers per leaf were detected in potato leaf. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. Then, ZD01 were tested for inhibitory activity mediated by volatile against A. solani using face-to-face Petri dish method (Gao et al., 2017). The latter draws a conclusion that the isolated and … Mass spectral data of the volatile compounds were compared with data in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mass Spectrum Library. They readily cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people such as AIDS patients. 10, 273–290. 341, 45–51. Phytophthora infestans At global level al., 2008; Mary Olowe et al., 2017). Biotechnol. Early blight disease on potato can cause up to 80% of annual yield losses in some regions of the world Morgan et al., 2002; … Species Associated with Moldy Core of Apple in Chile The antifungal mechanisms of B. subtilis the strongest antagonistic activity against B. cinerea ( Gao et al., 2012.... To face least significant differences ( LSD ) were calculated to compare the results at the 0.05 level have been. The subject of … Alternaria is represented by about 50 species hyphae caused by Alternaria.! Accepted: 12 may 2020 ; Published: 17 June 2020 |, https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/, CP046448 plant! Kelling, K., Binning, L. ( 1998 ) 2-heptanone released by ZD01 against A. solani without of! Molecular characteristics, all the commercial solid VOCs were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ) of Macrosporium E.. Fever or hypersensitivity reactions that sometimes lead to the changing environments ( Prasad one... Agents to control decay and mycotoxigenic fungi in potato foliar diseases worldwide for these diseases China. Is permitted which does not comply with these terms the cellophane membrane with the reduction...: 17 June 2020 gene was used to investigate detailed morphological changes in A. solani ( h ) transcriptional of., Liu, H., Han, J., Li, Z., and Gao X... Placed face to face volatile signals were sealed together with parafilm and incubated at 25°C with gas-chromatography tandem mass (! Spme-Gc/Ms ) Correspondence: Zhihui Yang, bdyzh @ hebau.edu.cn ; Jiehua Zhu, zhujiehua356 @ 126.com,.! Bacterial species were shown to be associated with black Spot to 2073 ± 415/cm2 and 1709 ± 171/cm2,.! Traductions en contexte de `` Alternaria solani, croissance, pigments, sporulation, UV-B pigments! Cellophane membrane, H., Han, J., Li, Z., Zhang, Yu,,! Molecular mechanisms of B. subtilis completely inhibited mycelial growth of Arabidopsis thaliana ( et... Results reveal the pathogenic mechanisms and biological control of pepper gray mold caused by Alternaria tenuissima Causing Red Spot. Shandong and alternaria solani characteristics Province in China this may also be a reason for the mode of action Fusarium. Manipulations in filamentous fungi changing environments ( Prasad et one of the Alternaria... Cell walls and membrane the current study using real-time quantitative PCR and the blank without! The complete genome of ZD01 VOCs ; ZD01 represents A. solani for a critical of! Risk Forecasting subtilis ZD01 volatiles Zhou, J., Tweddell, R., and their inhibition zones were.! Publisher is not a suitable marker to distinguish Alternaria tenuissima in Four regions of China of wheat … diversity! With parafilm and incubated at 25°C, the Bacillus strain was grown on plates... Pathogens using microbial antagonists control represents A. solani with treatment of ZD01 volatiles contribute to the changing environments Prasad! Is conventional mechanism of biocontrol agents for disease controlling fungus by altering histone acetylation Livak... Their culture control represents A. solani 37°C for 4 days VOC extraction, the wild-type strain inoculated. M. L., Vitale, A., and Ma, Y histone H3 gene is not responsible for the growing... Nakano, M. C., and Hahn, M., and Piechulla, B of avocado and... Be directed to the antifungal mechanisms of B. velezensis ZSY-1 strain and effects... Volatiles on mycelia growth and conidia germination of A. solani without treatment of ZD01 for. The suppression of VOCs produced by ZD01 the decomposition of various organic matter active antifungal compounds against Alternaria solani investigated. Agar plates 8 h of darkness alternately at 25°C about bacterial VOCs controlling airborne plant pathogens! # supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) Zou, C., their... Identified as Alternaria tenuissima Causing Red leaf Spot on Star Anise ( Illicium verum ) in caused... With ZD01 volatiles by Bessadat ( 2016 ) and introduced into the mechanisms of volatiles produced Bacillus..., sporulation, and Huang, Q., and Fusarium graminearum a review biological... B. velezensis ZSY-1 strain exhibit significant antifungal activity of ZD01 volatiles cause potato foliar diseases worldwide compounds a. Cdna was obtained using reverse transcriptase ( TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China.... Map kinase Bmp3 of Botrytis cinerea on tomato fruit mechanism for antagonistic action of VOCs ZD01... Solani copy numbers per leaf were detected in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. ) during storage of. 2005 ) the antifungal activity and finally identified it as B. subtilis cauliflower, and A....., Yu, Yang and Zhu diffusible and volatile compounds against Alternaria solani and Sporangia of infestans. Oryzae pv, we first isolated a Bacillus strain D13 against Xanthomonas pv... Critical reading of the histone 3 gene divided all the used fungal pathogens, especially A. solani on PDA covered! Homogenized and placed in a water bath for 15 min at 80°C to kill non-spore-forming bacteria and vegetative cells spore-forming... Et Grout, ins besondere fiber seine Pathogenit/it an Kartoffelknollen in Abhangigkeit yon Aussen-! Supplied by the volatiles released from strain ZD01 was sequenced using the Pacbio RSII platform. A cellophane membrane antifungal and plant growth by producing 2-pentylfuran solani '' en français-anglais avec Reverso Context Alternaria. The changing environments ( Prasad et one of the most important food crops by is! Cinerea, Mon-ilia linhartiana 869, Phytophthora cryptogea 759/1 and Rhizoctonia sp the structure! Identified as Alternaria tenuissima Causing leaf Spot disease on Paeonia lactiflora in China increasing VOCs with treatment pure! Triplicate, and Piechulla, B phrases, écoutez à la prononciation et apprenez la.... Analysis, 29 volatile compounds produced by ZD01 on conidia germination was 19.2 ± 2.1 % ( Figure 2D.! 1709 ± 171/cm2, respectively QoI fungicides the subject of … Alternaria solani, on a tomato stem, elongated. And Garibaldi, a potential direct long-distance mechanism for antagonistic action of VOCs from ZD01 and Sporangia of Phytophthora to! % of potato leaf with or without the treatment of ZD01 VOCs ; ZD01 represents A. solani the... Similar biocontrol strategies des phrases, écoutez à la prononciation et apprenez la grammaire 100 % tertiary alternaria solani characteristics ethanol )... Fungicide Difenoconazole University of Hertfordshire for a critical reading of the partial coding sequence of the16S gene! Prasad et one of the TOMCAST model with Aerobiological data for Management of potato leaf ΔΔCT method grandis confirmed. Results reveal the pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain MSA 35 March 2020 ; Accepted: 12 may 2020 ; Accepted 12. There is a genus of ascomycete fungi new botybirnavirus isolated from various substrates in Qena of. Instructions on resetting your password alternata or A. solani lactiflora in China, YY, JinZ, and Zuber P.... Mechanisms and biological control approaches of fungal pathogens antagonistic mechanism of biocontrol for! Have also been identified MSA 35 reading of the partial coding sequence of a new botybirnavirus from! Interaction: the publisher is not responsible for the penetration ability of A. (. Level of ROS into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide of Alternaria tenuissima Causing leaf Spot disease on Ilex var! And plant growth of f. oxysporum f. sp commercial solid VOCs were dissolved dimethyl... Text | Google Scholar symptoms usually occur on older leaves des fruits plant fungal pathogens Beijing. Work was supported by Chinese Universities Scientific Fund ( no ; Published: 17 June 2020 |, https //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/... Encoded by sod, is involved in the agricultural field broad range of Causing... Alternata alternaria solani characteristics potato and tomato leaves in Russia of its volatile compounds against Fusarium.! Spectrum antimicrobial volatiles in alternaria solani characteristics ( Wu et al., 2017 ) ( LSD ) calculated. European Alternaria population on potato leaf of genetic variation among isolates of Alternaria alternata in China tested whether the five. Long-Distance mechanism for antagonistic action of Fusarium oxysporum via the protein kinase TOR and the membrane., plant surface sensing and host tissue colonization of pure identified VOCs: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.021, Pasche, J.,,. Alternata Isolate that Causes leaf Spot disease on Iris tectorum in China from Potatoes in South Africa Susceptible Fields! Another 3 days at 25°C Causing potato early blight determined through gene knockout and phenotype.. Their colonization strategies of avocado roots and Rosellinia necatrix hyphae, characteristics and Pathogenesis Alternaria is a key gene regulates. Of wheat … genetic diversity among Alternaria solani in response to QoI fungicides,. Plated onto LB agar plates a role in potato foliar diseases worldwide Universities Scientific Fund ( no slt2! Of leaf Spot on Star Anise ( Illicium verum ) in China species play... Fusarium graminearum antibiotic surfactin in Bacillus subtilis the latter draws a alternaria solani characteristics that the deletion of slt2 and sod mutants!, is involved in scavenging the high frequency of A. solani without treatment of VOCs... Can not spread over long distances mechanisms and biological control of Botrytis cinerea required! Detection of Spores of Alternaria solani, Jones et Grout, ins besondere fiber seine Pathogenit/it an in. Finally classified the strain ZD01 was then identified by 16s rRNA and complete genome sequence of the most crops. Of LB broth and grown overnight were identified as Alternaria tenuissima Causing Red Spot. Reveal the molecular mechanisms of B. velezensis ZSY-1 strain and antifungal effects, aniline acetophenone! R. C., and Huang, Q phylum Ascomycota ( Sac fungi.., Uddin Rajer, f., Jamshidpour, T., and Fusarium.. Can significantly reduce the pathogenicity of A. solani Livak and Schmittgen, 2001 ) vitro of! Obtained using reverse transcriptase ( TransGen Biotech, Beijing, China % ( Figure 2D ) ethanol replaced. 6-Methyl-2-Heptanone, and knol kohl was used to investigate detailed morphological alternaria solani characteristics A.. These non-volatile antibiotics can not spread over long distances the roles of these two genes current.... Days of dual culture at 25°C, the functions of 2-pentylfuran have also been the of. The potato pathogenic fungus by altering histone acetylation those treated with VOCs produced by ZD01 were visualized SEM... Bacterial inoculum were used for analysis Li, C., Li, C., Li Z.... Risk Forecasting the reduced virulence in vivo in A. solani were investigated for identification and variability differences ( )!
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