Nature Clim. Pine Island Glacier, along with its neighbour Thwaites Glacier, connect the centre of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet with the ocean – together discharging significant quantities of ice into the ocean. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States A newly discovered long and craggy rift is splintering across West Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier, satellite images show. (2012) predict recession over the next 200 years with huge uncertainty over the rate of retreat, and full collapse of the trunk of Pine Island Glacier during the 22nd Century remains a possibility15. The Pine Island glacier "is one the fastest-retreating glaciers in Antarctica." The animation at the top of this page shows a wide view of Pine Island Glacier (PIG) and the long-term retreat of its ice front. 20. Pine Island Glacier birthed icebergs in January 2001, November 2007, December 2011, August 2015 and September 2017. Even though the text under the picture says ‘Simplified cartoon of a tributary glacier feeding into an ice shelf’, it is misleading. Your email address will not be published. As anticipated, Pine Island Glacier, known as PIG for short, in Antarctica has just spawned a huge iceberg. When IceBridge scientists returned to Pine Island Glacier in October of 2012, the rift had widened and was joined by a second crack first spotted that May. Nature 484, 502-505 (2012). Mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet from 1992 to 2017, Pine Island Glacier: the longer term view, difficult to assess how soon a collapse of Pine Island Glacier could occur, Antarctica’s contribution to global sea level rise, http://glacierchange.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/pine-island-glacier-2013-iceberg-rift-update/, http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/11/is-pine-island-glacier-the-weak-underbelly-of-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet/, Calculating glacier ice volumes and sea level equivalents. It tweeted for awhile. Journal of Glaciology 48, 247-256 (2002). For Pine Island glacier, the new study finds that while the cracking and fraying at the shear margin dates back to 1999, it accelerated in 2016. In August 2015, the U.S. National Ice Center reported that a calving event had occurred in the darkness of winter, likely in late July. Finally, scientists on board ships have deployed ‘Autosub’ beneath the very ice shelf, to make observations where no man can go. Remote Sensing, Snow and Ice It is buttressed by a large ice shelf that is currently thinning8, and the ice stream itself has a negative mass balance (the melting is not replaced by snowfall)3, it is flowing faster9, and the grounding line is retreating further and further up into the bay. It rapidly shrank back from around 16,400 years ago, when rising sea levels made this ice stream more buoyant, causing lift-off, decoupling from the ice sheet’s bed, and recession. What is the global volume of land ice and how is it changing? A giant mass of ice, about the size of Virginia Beach, broke off of Antarctica’s Pine Island glacier last week and is slowly drifting away. Climatic Change 91, 65-79 (2008). Science (2011). Under the A1B “Business as Usual” emissions scenario from the IPCC (2.6°C warming by 2100), Gladstone et al. That was about to change. The berg had an area of 185 square kilometers. Despite this interest, Pine Island Glacier is difficult to access. Schoof, C. Ice sheet grounding line dynamics: Steady states, stability, and hysteresis. Meltwater production underneath the ice shelf increased by 50% from 1994 to 2011; this increased melting results from stronger sub-ice-shelf circulation. If you examine the MODIS imagery are you sure about the July 2013 calving date, no separation occurred until November 2013? It’s acronym is PIG. Releasing a huge iceberg, by itself, is a normal process, unrelated to warming, but increased calving may occur in the future if the ice shelf continues to thin, which would make it susceptible to plate bending and hydrofracture processes21. Science 299, 1560-1562 (2003). That is significant because the Thwaites, along with the Pine Island Glacier and a number of smaller glaciers, acts as a brake on part of the much larger West Antarctic Ice Sheet. It’s acronym is PIG. But once again, the calving might have happened some days before under cloud cover. Kirshner, A.E., Anderson, J.B., Jakobsson, M., O’Regan, M., Majewski, W. & Nitsche, F.O. The ice shelf around Pine Island Glacier is currently thinning, and it is warmed from below by Circumpolar Deep Water that flows onto the continental shelf22,23. Image development and design by Lauren Dauphin. Bindschadler explained that a shrinking outlet glacier is usually doing three things: thinning (mostly at the seaward edge), retreating, and accelerating. 23. Vaughan, D.G. Images were acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite from 2000 to 2019. The cracks, like the one visible in this image from March 8, 2015, were a precursor to further retreat of the ice front. The glacier, known as Pine Island, is considered one of the fastest retreating glaciers in Antarctica, where the climate is changing rapidly. It is out of balance. Pine Island Glacier, along with neighboring Thwaites Glacier, is one of the main pathways for ice entering the Amundsen Sea from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.Pine Island is also one the fastest-retreating glaciers in Antarctica. Images were acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite from 2000 to 2019. It seems that the glacier is capable of very rapid recession within millennial timescales27, and that the dynamics between ice shelf and ice stream are intrinsically linked. Marine sediment cores and swath bathymetry from ships can image the sea floor and detect and date the former behaviour of this ice stream. 7. In the figure below, from Rignot et al. The acceleration stretches the glacier, causing the thinning and likely making the ice more prone to crevassing (cracking) “upstream.”. A rift in the glacier first became visible on September 10, 2000, in images from NASA’s new Terra satellite, but the cracking probably started in the darkness of austral winter. http://glacierchange.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/pine-island-glacier-2013-iceberg-rift-update/ 18. Rift in Antarctic Glacier: A Unique Chance to Study Ice Shelf Retreat. While there tends to be more sea ice at this time of year, it is no match for the huge stresses within the massive ice shelf. This gives a total of 33 to 132 cm of global total sea level rise by 2100. Free online lecture: The Glaciers are melting: What happens next? The velocity is well above that required to maintain mass balance – so the ice stretches longitudinally, and thins vertically3. An iceberg has broken off Pine Island Glacier (PIG) on the edge of Antarctica, according to satellite images taken Tuesday by the European Space Agency (ESA). Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream located on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) in Antarctica. Gladstone, R.M., Lee, V., Rougier, J., Payne, A.J., Hellmer, H., Le Brocq, A., Shepherd, A., Edwards, T.L., Gregory, J. The following images, acquired with Terra MODIS and the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8, show Pine Island Glacier’s most notable calving events over the past two decades. It’s a dangerous business; several iterations of Autosub have been lost under the ice. You can use Google Earth below to explore the ice stream. The animation at the top of this page shows a wide view of Pine Island Glacier (PIG) and the long-term retreat of its ice front. The behemoth measured 42 kilometers long and 17 kilometers wide, an area of 714 square kilometers. As the ice shelf thins, more water is able to circulate beneath it22, exacerbating the problem and encouraging further melting. Home » Antarctica » West Antarctic Ice Sheet » Pine Island Glacier, Investigating Pine Island Glacier | Why is Pine Island Glacier important? 5. It flows, together with Thwaites Ice Stream, into the Amundsen Sea embayment in West Antarctica, and the two ice streams together drain ~5% of the Antarctic Ice Sheet 1. For the Pine Island Glacier, the new study finds that while the cracking and fraying at the shear margin dates to 1999, it accelerated in 2016. View All Images in This Event: Pine Island Glacier in Retreat. Science (2013). National/Naval Ice Center. The Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers, which sit side by side in West Antarctica on the Amundsen Sea, are among the fastest changing glaciers in … The first reference to this being the weak underbelly is Hughes (1981). Ice streams are a type of glacier and many of them have “glacier” in their name, e.g. What is concerning is the current intense melting, thinning and glacier acceleration observed on Pine Island Glacier ice shelf22. Mike Shortt working with scientists at the British Antarctic Survey is making a series of radar-based ice thickness measurements that resolve melting rates of the ice of periods of days to months. Colours in addition show the flow speed. Located near the base of the Antarctic Peninsula—the “thumb” of the continent—the glacier lies more than 2,600 kilometers (1,600 miles) from the tip of South America. There are many glaciers in the Antarctic. Around this time, Pine Island Glacier started to shed smaller icebergs more frequently. Pine Island Glacier: Satellite animation mid-2017 to Feb-2020 Date: February 11, 2020 Author: adrianluckman Updated animation showing the last three calving events as seen by ESA’s Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar. A team of European researchers has monitored the glacier since massive cracks were detected near the age in October 2019. NASA Earth Observatory map by Lauren Dauphin, using Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) data from the Polar Geospatial Center at the University of Minnesota. The event produced a number of sizeable icebergs including B-41, which was still close to the shelf when this image was acquired on November 26, 2015. Story by Kathryn Hansen. Nature Geoscience 4, 519-523 (2011). 17. And it's a … Pine Island Glacier could collapse – stagnate and retreat far up into the bay, resulting in rapid sea level rise – within the next few centuries, raising global sea levels by 1.5 m11,12, out of a total of 3.3 m from the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet13. 8. 12-17-12 Progress on the Pine Island Glacier Field Experiment. This threshold has yet to be passed. It’s about eight times the size of New York, or half the size of Greater London, at 720 km2. It suggests: NASA Earth Observatory image by Lauren Dauphin, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS/LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Thinning can destabilize the shelf because the ice loses contact with points on the ocean floor that strongly influence its grounding or stability. You are correct, the Then/Now Glacier style features National Geographic photographs of the Pine Island Glacier in Antarctica. Notice that there are times when the front appears to stay in the same place or even advance, though the overall trend is toward retreat. Change 3, 424-427. It is, along with neighboring Thwaites Glacier, one of the main pathways for ice entering the Amundsen Sea from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and one the fastest-retreating glaciers in Antarctica. Pine Island Glacier, in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, has an area of 175,000 square kilometres and loses about 45 billion tons of ice each year. Pritchard, H.D., Ligtenberg, S.R.M., Fricker, H.A., Vaughan, D.G., van den Broeke, M.R. 11. Scambos, T., Fricker, H.A., Liu, C.-C., Bohlander, J., Fastook, J., Sargent, A., Massom, R. & Wu, A.-M. Ice shelf disintegration by plate bending and hydro-fracture: Satellite observations and model results of the 2008 Wilkins ice shelf break-ups. "Since October 2011, the evolution of the Pine Island Glacier terminus area has been monitored more intensively," said Dana Floricioiu, a DLR research scientist, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. As anticipated, Pine Island Glacier, known as PIG for short, in Antarctica has just spawned a huge iceberg. Answer to: Where is the Pine Island Glacier? Huge amounts of meltwater are generated in a large cavity beneath the ice shelf. 2. hence that the ice is breaking of because of water pressure from below. From ice-shelf tributary to tidewater glacier: continued rapid glacier recession, acceleration and thinning of Röhss Glacier following the 1995 collapse of the Prince Gustav Ice Shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula. NASA’s Operation IceBridge flew over the berg that same day. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 333–334, 191-199 (2012). 9. While this outlet glacier is just one of many around the perimeter of Antarctica, data collected from the ground, air, and space confirm that Pine Island is worth extra attention. The grounding line of the ice stream retreated rapidly following ice-shelf collapse26. Snow and Ice NASA Earth Observatory image by Lauren Dauphin, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. An expert judgement assessment of future sea level rise from the ice sheets. Mercer, J.H. Science 291, 862-864 (2001). Pinpointing the exact birthdate of icebergs using natural color images can be a challenge. This melts the ice shelf from below24, and this melting is probably the cause of the observed ice stream thinning, acceleration and grounding line recession25, which is contributing to a sea level rise of 1.2 mm per decade3. Jacobs, S.S., Jenkins, A., Giulivi, C.F. Bathymetric controls on calving processes at Pine Island Glacier. Inland thinning of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica. Antarctica’s Pine Island Glacier is one of the most closely watched pieces of ice on Earth. Uncertainty over the future behaviour of Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica is one of the largest constraints on accurately predicting future sea level rise16. The surface of the ice sheet is exaggerated by 4x while the topography below sea level is exaggerated by 15x for the purpose of clarity. Unlike previous cracks, these originated from the center of the glacier and propagated outward toward the margins. "The Pine Island glacier recently spawned an iceberg over (115 square miles) that very quickly shattered into pieces," the European Space Agency (ESA) said in a statement.. This photo, shot by NASA science writer Kate Ramsayer during a research flight on November 7, 2018, shows sea ice between Pine Island Glacier and the newly calved Iceberg B-46. “This is indicative of a progressive collapse of the ice shelf,” said Eric Rignot, a glaciologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This data set is a time series of borehole temperatures at different depths from three thermistor strings deployed in three boreholes drilled through the Pine Island Glacier ice shelf, Antarctica. Ice-shelf changes in Pine Island Bay, Antarctica, 1947–2000. At the end of October 2018, the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-1 satellite observed the glacier letting go of a huge chunk of ice. This ice stream is unlikely to collapse in our lifetime – but the same cannot be said for future generations. Are these on-going changes unprecedented, or are they part of the normal behaviour for the glacier? “This underlies our concern that retreating outlet glaciers can ‘shrink’ rapidly,” Bindschadler said. And well, actually, that’s it in the fun department. Until this point, large icebergs were calving from Pine Island Glacier every four to six years. The largest contibution to global sea level rise from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets combined is around 16.9 mm per year, but is more likely to be around 5.4 mm per year by 2100. Pine Island Glacier is buttressed by a large, floating ice shelf, which helps to stabilise the glacier, but this ice shelf is itself thinning and recently calved a huge iceberg. Researchers reported anomalous rifts forming between 2013 and 2015 on Pine Island Glacier. The recession of the ice stream was also controlled by the presence or absence of ice shelves. Decades of investigations have given scientists a better idea of the quirks of PIG’s behavior. Darkness engulfs the poles during winter, and in months when there is ample sunlight, clouds can obscure the view. Pine Island Glacier has a large ice shelf, which supports the glacier. Pine Island Glacier is one of the largest ice streams in Antarctica. Download . You have probably noticed that each iceberg has the letter “B,” in its name. Check out some photographs from that flight here. & Vaughan, D.G. Over the past 8 years, the Pine Island glacier is losing about 58 billion tons of ice per year. At the Last Glacial Maximum, circa 18,000 years ago, the ice stream was at the continental shelf edge27. In mid-October 2011, NASA scientists working in Antarctica discovered a massive crack across the Pine Island Glacier, a major ice stream that drains the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. As anticipated, Pine Island Glacier, known as PIG for short, in Antarctica has just spawned a huge iceberg. However, data from Autosubs that did return indicates that more warm Circumpolar Deep Water has been in Pine Island Bay in recent summers22. Last month, scientists also recorded unusually warm water beneath the Thwaites Glacier, a neighbour to Pine Island. Taken a year apart, these photographs were selected because they give a clear visual of the impact of climate change on the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica. For example, data collected during science flights in 2009 led researchers to discover a deep-water channel (map below) that could funnel warm water to the glacier’s underbelly and melt it from below. The largest piece, named Iceberg B-46, spanned 226 square kilometers. PIG) The area of the iceberg poised to calve off the Pine Island Glacier is about 115 square miles, or 300 square kilometers. The recently calved iceberg may be 720 km2, but that’s the least of this ice stream’s worries. Hughes, T. A simple holistic hypothesis for the self-destruction of ice sheets. Science 324, 901-903 (2009). & Cornford, S.L. Can you identify the ice shelf? Low lying cloud often makes flying hazardous. In the case of bergs from Pine Island Glacier and others that start in the Amundsen and Eastern Ross seas, the names begin with “B”. Joughin, I., Smith, B.E. Last month, scientists also recorded unusually warm water beneath the Thwaites Glacier, a neighbour to Pine Island. It tweeted for awhile. Pine Island has contributed more to sea level rise over the past four decades than any other glacier in Antarctica, and as a consequence has become one of its most intensively and extensively investigated ice stream systems. Autosub is a remotely operated vehicle, loaded with sensors that measure temperature, salinity, pressure and so on, and it can map the sea bed using downward-pointing swath bathymetry. & Padman, L. Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves. By October 15, fragments had already fallen below 70 square kilometers (20 square nautical miles)—the minimum size required for tracking by the U.S. National Ice Center. Pine Island Glacier has contributed more to sea-level rise over the past decades than any other glacier in Antarctica. Increased rate of acceleration on Pine Island Glacier strongly coupled to changes in gravitational driving stress. Before Pine Island Glacier starting shrinking about 8,000 years ago, there was a large ice shelf in the Amundsen Sea Embayment. Geophysical Research Letters 31, L18402 (2004). If you zoom in far enough, you’ll be able to see the huge crack in the ice shelf. 28. Quaternary Science Reviews 38, 11-26 (2012). By signing up, you'll get thousands of step-by-step solutions to your homework questions. The pattern indicated stresses at the center of the ice shelf. The white dots show how particles move with the ice which are initially randomly distributed over the ice surface. The ice shelf currently loses around 62.3 ± 5 Gigatonnes per year of ice through calving, and loses 101.2 ± 8 Gigatonnes per year through basal melting24. Story by Kathryn Hansen. Pine Island Glacier is nominally a fun glacier, or at least as fun as a chunk of ice that could collapse and inundate millions of coastal homes can be. Geophysical Research Letters 36, L17501 (2009). Pine Island Glacier is one of the largest ice streams in Antarctica, and drains much of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Pine Island Glacier ice shelf periodically calves huge icebergs. Pine Island Glacier is one of the largest ice streams in Antarctica. Sensitivity of 21st century sea level to ocean-induced thinning of Pine Island Glacier, Antarctica. 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